NCERT Pointer History Class-11 Chapter-9

NCERT History Summary Class-11 Chapter-9: The Industrial Revolution

● Industrial revolution started in England and spread in different parts of the world gradually.

● The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ was used by European scholars-Georges Michelet in France and Fried-rich Engels in Germany.

● It was used for the first time in English by the philosopher and economist Arnold Toynbee to describe the changes that occurred in British industrial development between 1760 and 1820.

● The Industrial Revolution revolutionized the techniques and organization of production in the later half of the eighteenth century.

● England was both politically and economically a sound nation.

● Agricultural Revolution laid down the foundation of the Industrial Revolution.

● England had a huge domestic and international market under his control which helped in the growth of Industrial Revolution.

● England had a number of colonies in Asia, Africa and Europe. These helped in obtaining the raw material for industries.

● The onset of textile industry also helped in the emergence of Industrial Revolution.

● Abraham Darby brought about a revolution in the metallurgical industry.

● In the 1770’s, John Wilkinson made the first iron chairs and iron pipes of all sizes.

● Thomas Savery built a model of steam engine i.e. Miner’s friend in 1698.

● Another steam engine was built by Thomas New comen in 1712. The steam engine had been used only in coal mines until

● James Watt (1736-1819) developed his machine in 1769.

● In 1814, the railway engineer George Stephenson (1781-1848) constructed a locomotive called ‘The Blutcher’ that could pull a weight of 30 tons up a hill at 4 mph.

● The Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 banned children under 10 and women from working underground.

● The condition of workers was quite miserable. They became the victims of restlessness, epidemics and diseases.

● John Kay invented Flying Shuttle in 1733. By this invention the entire textile industry was revolutionized.

● James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny.

● Richard Arkwright invented water frame in the year 1709.

Important terms:

● Industrial Revolution: Use of machinery in industries and its effects on the English societies.

● Iron-Smelting Kilns: Blast furnace.

● Stapler: A small device used for putting staples into paper, etc.

● Sepoy: Indian soldier in the service of the British.

● Vagrant: A person without a settled home or regular work.

● Carding: A process prior to spinning cotton or wool.

● Orient: The countries to the east of Mediterranean.

● Luddism: A movement led by the charismatic General, Ned Ludd.

Timeline:

• 1712– Steam engine built by Thomas New comen.
• 1733– Flying shuttle was invented by John Kay.
• 1759– James Brindely constructed Worsely canal.
• 1760-1820– First Phase of Industrial Revolution.
• 1765– James Hargreaves invented spinning jenny.
• 1769– Water frame was invented by Richard Arkwright.
• 1779– Samuel Crompton invented mule.
• 1842– Mines Commission was set up.
• 1847– Ten Hours Bill was passed.
• After 1850– 2nd phases of Industrial Revolution.