NCERT Pointer History Class-11 Chapter-11

NCERT History Summary Class-11 Chapter-11: Paths to Modernization

● China and Japan present a marked physical contrast.

● China is a vast continental country with many climatic zones.

● China and Japan are situated in far East Asia.

● China dominated the East in the beginning of the 19th century.

● China is dominated by three major rivers. These rivers are Huang He, the Yangtse and the Pearl river.

● A large part of China is mountainous.

● The most dominant ethnic group of China is ‘Han’ and the major language is Chinese ‘Putonghua’.

● Chinese foods reflect the regional diversity. The best known is southern or cantonese cuisine.

● Japan was divided into more than 250 domains under the rule of lords called daimyo.

● Japan is situated in the Pacific ocean.

● Japan is a string of islands. It is an archipelago consisting of more than 3,000 islands. Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Hokkaido are the four largest islands of Japan.

● Japan is also known as the ‘Land of Rising Sun’.

● The Shoguns made Edo, the capital of Japan.

● The tradition of animal rearing is not prevalent.

● Edo is modem Tokyo.

● Japanese emperor was known as Mikado.

● Uighur, Hui, Manchu and Tibetan are the other nationalities of the Chinese.

● The Samurai were warriors and helped the Shogun in running the administration.

● Printing was done with wood blocks in Japan. The Japanese were not interested in European printing.

● Edo, the capital city of Japan became the most populated city in the middle of the 17th century.

● The Meiji restoration is termed as one of the most momentous events in the Japanese history.

● In 1871, under Meiji’s rule feudalism was abolished.

● Tokyo University was established under the rule of Meiji in 1877.

● Military reforms were also introduced during Meiji rule.

● In 1872, modem banking institutions were launched.

● Under Meiji’s rule new constitution was introduced.

● In 1889, Japan adopted the new constitution.

● Miyake Setsurei was a well-known Japanese philosopher.

● Miyake Setsurei believed that every nation must develop its special talent in the interest of the world civilization.

● In Sino-Japanese War in 1894-95, China faced a humiliating defeat at the hands of Japanese.

● On April 17,1895, Treaty of Shimoneski was signed between China and Japan.

● Defeat of China at the hands of Japan made China vulnerable.

● The Chinese declared after the war that both China and Japan needed reforms for modernization.

● Sino-Japanese war served the basis for the Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1902.

● Two opium wars were fought between China and England between 1839-42 and 1856-60 respectively.

● After the decline of Manchu empire, a republic was established in 1911 in China.

● In 1912, Dr. Sun Yat-sen formed a national party of China. It was known as Guomindang.

● The People’s Republic of China came into existence in 1949.

● In 1949, Communist Government was established in China and began a new age in the history of China.

Important terms:

● Soviet: Elected council of peasants and workers.

● Daimyo: Lords of the domain under their possession.

● Shogun: Official title of sell-Taishogun.

● Zaibastu: Large business houses controlled by individual families.

● Triangular trade: Trade carried out among three countries.

● Comintern: Communist International

● Meiji: Enlightened rule

● Fukoku Kyohei: Government slogan given during Meiji period, which means rich country and strong army.

● Dim sum: Touch your heart.

Timeline:

• 1603– Tokugawa Ieyasu establishes the Edo Shogunate.
• 1630– Japan closes country to Western powers except for restricted trade with the Dutch.
• 1839 – 60– Two Opium Wars. These wars were fought between China and Britain.
• 1868– Restoration of Meiji
• 1872– Compulsory education system. First railway line between Tokyo and Yokohama
• 1889– Meiji Constitution was enacted.
• 1894 – 95– War between Japan and China
• 1904 – 05– War between Japan and Russia
• 1912– Sun Yat-sen found Guomingdang
• 1914 – 18– The period of First World War
• 1921– CCP was founded.
• 1925– Universal male suffrage was granted.
• 1926 – 49– Civil Wars in China
• 1931– Japan’s invasion on China
• 1934– Long March
• 1945– Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were dropped.
• 1949– People’s Republic of China Chiang Kai- shek found Republic of China in Taiwan
• 1956– Japan becomes a member of the United Nations.
• 1962– China attacks on India over border dispute