NCERT Pointer History Class-11 Chapter-10

NCERT History Summary Class-11 Chapter-10: Displacing Indigenous Peoples

● The American empires of Spain and Portugal did not expand after the 17th century.

● The countries like Holland, France and England began to expand their trading activities and to establish colonies in America, Africa and Asia after 17th century.

● The word ‘Settler’ is used for the Dutch in South Africa, the British in Ireland. New Zealand and Australia and the Europeans in America.

● The native people led a simple life. They did not claim their rights over land.

● The continent of North America extends from Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer and from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean.

● The inhabitants of North America used to live in groups before the advent of the Europeans.

● The original inhabitants of North America came from Asia about 30,000 years ago.

● The inhabitants of North America grew vegetables and maize. They ate fish and meat also.

● The people of North America believed in subsistence economy.

● People spoke numerous languages, but none of them is available to us in written form.

● Accounts of historical antecedents were recorded by each tribe.

● They used to transfer their historical knowledge orally to the next generation.

● Technique of clothes weaving was also known to the inhabitants.

● In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the continent of America.

● News of discovery of gold and silver mines in America spread throughout the world.

● The Hopis were a native tribe who lived near California.

● Wampum belts are made of colored shells, sewn together.

● At the end of 18th century Canada came into existence.

● England had 13 colonies on the eastern coast of America.

● In the 1840’s, traces of gold were found in the USA, in California. It led to the ‘Gold Rush’, when thousands of Europeans hurried to America in the hope of making a quick fortune. It also led to the building of railway lines across the continent.

● British colonies in America declared a war against England in 1776 to gain independence.

● The War of Independence of the colonies continued till 1783.

● In 1860, the USA had an undeveloped economy. In 1890, it was the leading industrial power in the world.

● Invention of barbed wire in 1873 brought out revolution in American agriculture.

● The American President Abraham Lincoln played a key role in the abolition of the slavery.

● Explorer William Jansz of Dutch reached Australia in 1606.

● A. J. Tasman followed the route of William Jansz and named Tasmania after his name.

● A. J. Tasman discovered New Zealand.

● Another British explorer, James Cook reached the island of Botany Bay in 1770 and named it New South Wales.

● In Australia, economic prosperity of the mining industry played a crucial role.

● Canberra was declared the capital of Australia in 1911.

● The process of economic development enhanced with rearing of Marino sheep.

Important terms:

● Colonial: Belonging to a country that controls another country.

● Oral History: To write history or to dictate others so that it could have been recorded.

● Native: Citizens of the colonized countries. ‘The Hopis’ are California’s native tribes.

● Subsistence Economy: It means to produce as much as required for the fulfillment of their basic necessities.

● Settler: People who settle at a place of which they are not inhabitants.

● Wampum Belt: A belt made of colored shells.

● Indigenous people: People belonging naturally to a place.

● Multiculturalism: A policy that implies a treatment of equality for the cultures of native Europeans and Asian emigrants.

● Terra Nullius: A policy that implies recognizing no one’s right over a given piece of land.

Timeline:

• 1497– John Cabot reaches Newfoundland.
• 1763– Quebec conquered by the British.
• 1770– British sailor James Cook reached Australia.
• 1774– Quebec Act was passed.
• 1781– Britain recognised the USA as an independent country.
• 1783– British give Mid-west to the USA.
• 1788– British Penal colony formed. Sydney founded.
• 1803– The USA purchased Louisiana from France.
• 1837– French-Canadian Rebellion
• 1865– Slavery was abolished in the USA.
• 1867– Confederation of Canada.
• 1870– Transcontinental railway introduced in the USA
• 1869-85– Red River Rebellion by the Metis in Canada
• 1892– ‘End’ of American frontier.
• 1954– Declaration of Indian Rights